If you've ever taken a geology course, you may have heard the term stratification...if you see a rock with different layers and colors, you are observing stratification. We can also observe stratification in our own society if we look close enough. First, there are separations that happen according to the social groups we are a part of, called segregation. Then, there are the layers of statuses in society, which open or close doors for us depending on where our social location is.
The stratification of society is a common sociological topic. Sociologists use the three social theoretical perspectives to generate ideas on why things are the way they are in society. Stratification by social class or socioeconomic status occurs in many arenas, including the workplace, neighborhoods, educational systems, and recreational activities. Socioeconomic status is a sociological term that means collectively your income, education level, and occupation. Different income levels enable acquiring more resources, including education, and your occupation gives you a certain level of prestige. In our country, school teachers have low prestige, but in Japan, they have high prestige. Context matters!
So what do the there sociological theories tell us about the societal factors in having a class system of social stratification? Symbolic interactionism is a framework that considers our perceptions and the meanings behind our behavior. A theorist from this camp might suggest that we do not associate with others outside of our social class because of our perception of what this means. We have labels that are associated with social class, that further show our perceptions and stereotypes. Phrases like "white trash" or "capitalist pig" convey opinions about different groups. This may help explain why we keep to our socioeconomic status in large part. Functionalism looks at other social institutions such as the economy, education, the family, region, etc. A functionalist would explain stratification by saying that from the get go, our schools separate us, and then further separate us into different jobs, then different neighborhoods, etc. A functionalist would say that we need a class system in order to fill all of the jobs we need done. Finally, conflict theory suggests that those with social power affect the social systems so that the powerful keep their resources. Essentially the rich benefit from keeping some people poor, in part by exclusion both socially and economically.
What social class do you resonate with? Why don't people tend to associate with or marry outside their social class (on average?) Do we have a "class system" in America?
How does economic inequality and stratification harm a society?
I am a medical sociologist, but unlike most medical sociologists that pursue academic research most of the time, I spend time working with students and groups in my local community, applying the "sociological imagination" to local issues. I work with people from different "sectors"- business, healthcare, social services, education, and government. I help brainstorm as a member of various "coalitions" or groups of people who are dedicated to a common cause, such as improving graduation rates (Klamath Promise), ending child hunger (Child Hunger Coalition), and building a healthier community (Healthy Klamath). I also work directly for organizations such as the Food Bank, doing research by way of gathering local data that can be used to support the missions of organizations working on food issues in the county.
Just last month, Klamath County received some pretty amazing news...after a long application process led by our friends at Klamath County Public Health, Sky Lakes Medical Center, and others, we got word that Klamath is a 2018 WINNER of the Robert Wood Johnson (most famous philanthropic organization for health, based in Princeton) CULTURE OF HEALTH PRIZE. This prize is awarded to communities that are "building a culture of health"- in other words, actively and constructively working to improve the health of a community. What a great time to be a Population Health major at Oregon Tech! Students have participated in all of the initiatives highlighted for the prize as part of their externships!!
This has got me thinking about this week's concepts: culture, norms, values, beliefs, sanctions, and deviance to name a few. Remember to read about these in your textbook, and this post can supplement the reading and hopefully give you a new angle to see these concepts at play in the real world.
For medical sociology students, in addition to reviewing the above concepts, we will review the terms social determinants of heath and structural determinants.
What is culture? Culture is a way of life for a given group of people. Culture includes the things we say, eat, do, and how we perceive the world. Klamath has an agriculture culture, also a ranching culture, along with an emphasis in some areas on religion, with many churches around, and it's part of the culture here to value both self sufficiency and a sense of community. Every culture has certain norms that are specific to its people, and these norms can vary based on the location. Norms are the expected ways of acting in certain situations. There may be different norms for you at work, home, and school. You may even have a partner or spouse whose family has different norms than yours. If you break norms, you will receive negative sanction, and will be considered deviant. Deviance does not mean being a criminal or delinquent or bad! It just means you are going against the grain. If the norm is cigarette smoking for your peers, and you quit, you are deviating from the norm! You may even receive negative sanctions (people giving you a hard time) if you deviate from your family by going vegan (not eating animal products)! Here in Klamath, policies to make it harder for young kids to smoke cigarettes are changing the norm (where it's easier for teens to buy cigs); and programs like Produce Connection which gives away free fruits and veggies are changing the norm, and the stereotype that economically struggling people eat unhealthy convenience foods.
Values and beliefs are part of culture too. Values are things that people think are good. You may value family, doing well in school, religion, and your health. Klamath has shown that we value education and investing in recreation. Beliefs are things people think are true. If you have the belief that you can do anything you set your mind too, or that you can change your lifestyle, you will be more likely to start and sustain making those healthy changes. Here at the Sky Lakes Live Young Wellness Center, people who go through the doors are not treated with conventional treatments only- they also participate in classes designed to reduce stress, teaching healthy cooking and shopping, and increase physical activity. People are assessed about their beliefs and willingness to change before they even start their program! Beliefs are powerful!
All of these changes at the local level are examples of structural or socialfactors in health. Social factors are things such as your location, education level, and economic standing that could impact your heath. Structural things are parts of the community such as availability of recreation, healthy food, and organized community groups that can also impact community health.
What an interesting time to study sociology and population health in rural Oregon! If your appetite for this kind of thing is wetted, find out more about the PHM program and how you can get involved in the community :).
